Dose-response curves in the presence of antagonistsCompetitive antagonistsThe term antagonist refers to any drug that will block, or partially block, a response. When investigating an antagonist the first thing to check is whether the antagonism is surmountable by increasing the concentration of agonist. The next thing to ask is whether the antagonism is reversible. After washing away antagonist, does agonist regain response? If an antagonist is surmountable and reversible, it is likely to be competitive (see next paragraph). Investigations of antagonists that are not surmountable or reversible are beyond the scope of this manual.A competitive antagonist binds reversibly to the same receptor as the agonist. A dose-response curve performed in the presence of a fixedconcentration of antagonist will be shifted to the right, with the same maximum response and (generally) the same shape.Gaddum derived the equation that describes receptor occupancy by agonist in the presence of a competitive antagonist. The agonist isdrug A. Its concentration is [A] and its dissociation constant is Ka. The antagonist is called drug B, so its concentration is [B] and dissociation constant is Kb. If the two drugs compete for the same receptors, fractional occupancy by agonist (f) equals:The presence of antagonist increases the EC50 by a factor equal to 1+[B]/Kb. This is called the dose-ratio. You don't have to know the relationship between agonist occupancy and response for the equation above to be useful in analyzing dose response curves.You don't have to know what fraction of the receptors is occupied at the EC50 (and it doesn't have to be 50%). Whatever that occupancy, you'll get the same occupancy (and thus the same response) in the presence of antagonist when the agonist concentration is multiplied by the dose-ratio.The graph below illustrates this point. If concentration A of agonist gives a certain response in the absence of antagonist, butconcentration A' is needed to achieve the same response in the presence of a certain concentration of antagonist, then the dose-ratio equals A'/A. You'll get a different dose ratio if you use a different concentration of antagonist.If the two curves are parallel, you can assess the dose-ratio at any point. However, you'll get the most accurate results by calculating the dose-ratio as the EC50 in the presence of antagonist divided by the EC50 in the absence of antagonist. The figure below shows the calculation of dose ratio.Schild plotIf the antagonist is competitive, the dose ratio equals one plus the ratio of the concentration of antagonist divided by its Kd for thereceptor. (The dissociation constant of the antagonist is sometimes called Kb and sometimes called Kd)A simple rearrangement gives:If you perform experiments with several concentrations of antagonist, you can create a graph with log(antagonist) on the X-axis and log(dose ratio -1 ) on the Y-axis. If the antagonist is competitive, you expect a slope of 1.0 and the X-intercept and Y-intercept will both equal the Kd of the antagonist.If the agonist and antagonist are competitive, the Schild plot will have a slope of 1.0 and the X intercept will equal the logarithm of the Kd of the antagonist. If the X-axis of a Schild plot is plotted as log(molar), then minus one times the intercept is called the pA2 (p for logarithm, like pH; A for antagonist; 2 for the dose ratio when the concentration of antagonist equals the pA2). The pA2 (derived from functional experiments) will equal the Kd from binding experiments if antagonist and agonist compete for binding to a single class ofreceptor sites.Creating and analyzing Schild plots with PrismEnter your dose-response data with X as log of the agonist concentration, and Y as response. (If you enter your data with X asconcentration, do a transform to create a table where X is log of agonist concentration). Label each Y column with a heading (title) that is the log of antagonist concentration. The first column should be the control, with agonist only (no antagonist). Label this column "control".Use nonlinear regression to fit a sigmoid dose-response curve. Choose a standard slope or variable slope, depending on your data. From the nonlinear regression dialog, check the option to calculate dose-ratios for Schild plots.The values of the dose ratio can only be interpreted if all the dose-response curves are parallel. If you selected the sigmoid curve with a standard slope, this will be true by definition. If you let Prism determine the slope factor for each curve, look at these (and their standard errors) to see if they differ significantly. If the slope factors differ, then the interaction is probably not strictly competitive, and Schild analysis won't be useful. If the slope factors are indistinguishable, consider holding all the slope factors constant to a single value.The curve fit results include a results view called Summary table which tabulates the log(DR-1) for each data set (except the first, which is the control). To graph these data, go to the graph section and click the button New graph. Choose a new graph from the summary table of the nonlinear regression results.First fit to linear regression to determine slope and intercept. If the antagonist is competitive, the Schild plot ought to have a slope that is indistinguishable from 1.0. You can check this assumption by seeing whether the confidence interval for the slope includes 1.0.If the confidence interval for the slope does not include 1.0, your antagonist is probably not a simple competitive antagonist. For suggestions of further analyses, see T. Kenakin, Pharmacologic Analysis of Drug-Receptor Interaction, 3rd Ed. Lippincott-Raven Press, 1997.If the confidence interval does include 1.0, refit the line constraining the slope to equal 1.0. You cannot do this with Prism's linearregression analysis. However, you can use Prism's nonlinear regression to fit a line with a constant slope. Use this equation:Y = X - pA2When X=pA2, Y=0. As X increases above pA2, Y increases as well the same amount. Fit this equation to determine the pA2 of the antagonist.
Showing posts with label pharmacy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pharmacy. Show all posts
Thursday, 27 January 2011
[Cology] How to calculate PA2 value easily.
Carbon NanoTubes : Emerging Carrier in Nanotechnology
Recently Carbon nanotubes have been designed to be used as a drug deliveryvector. It has shown potential in tissue engineering, nuclear targeting, anddrug, protein and peptide drug delivery also. The small nanoscale dimensionand astonishing properties make them a distinctive carrier with a wide rangeof promising applications. This review briefly outlines some of the importantbiomedical application of carbon nanotubes.IntroductionIn the last few decadesvarious micro and nanoscale drug carrier systems have been developed in order tofind well-organized and proficient carrier systems for drugs, genes, and antigenwhich will assist the targeting and delivering of bioactives into specific andprecise organ, tissues and cells. These diverse drug delivery systems includemicroemulsion, multiple emulsions, liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsion,microspheres, nanoparticle, resealed erythrocyte and dendrimers.In recent times carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been designed to be used as a drug delivery carrier.Carbon nanotubes were discovered by Bacon in the late 1950s. But they were notfully appreciated at that time. In 1991 Iijima discovered CNTs and proposed itas an interesting material due to their structural properties1. CNTsconsist of graphite sheets rolled up in to tubular form. These new nanomaterialsbelonging to the family of fullerene are the third allotropes ofcarbon2. Recently, scientists have also accounted that CNTs holdpotential of a drug delivery systems. The studies have shown that CNTs loadedwith peptides3, proteins4, nucleic acids5 anddrugs6 comprise effective targeting into the cells. Depending uponthe number of graphene sheets, CNTs can be classified as single-wall carbonnanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes.1. Single-wall carbon nanotubesSingle-wall carbonnanotubes (SWNTs) are made of a single graphene sheet. These are seamlesscylinders, were first reported in 19931. Their diameters range fromabout 1 to 2 nm, and their length is usually in order of the micrometers. SWNTstypically team up to form bundles. These bundles consists hexagonally arrangedSWNTs to form a crystal-like structure (figure 1 A).2. Multi-wall carbon nanotubesThe multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are made up of collection of severalgraphene cylinders. MWNTs have a diameter of about 1-100nm and length of about1-50 micrometers. The distance between each layer of MWNTs is about 0.36nm1(figure 1 B)Single-wall carbon nanotubesFigure 1: (A) Single-wall carbon nanotubes (B) Multi-wall carbon nanotubesCarbon nano horns andfullerenes are some structurally related compound to carbon nanotubes. Carbonnano horns are composed of graphite carbon atom structurally similar to CNTs.The difference between CNTs and carbon nano horns is that, the latter have anirregular horn like shape. Fullerene molecules are almost round cages of 60carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patcheson a soccer ball.Physicochemical propertiesof CNTs include ultra light weight, ordered structure with high aspect ratio,high mechanical strength and metallic or semi-metallic behavior with highsurface area. There are some limitations of CNTs also, which includes lack ofsolubility in most solvents and aggregation. Both these limitations can beovercome by functionalization or modification of their surface1.Biomedical application of carbon nanotubesOwing to the large innervolume, CNTs proffer attractive advantages for biomedical applications. Theselarge inner volumes can be filled with desired bioactives of small size as wellas of large size such as proteins and peptides. The targeting andbiocompatibility aspects of bioactive loaded CNTs can also be enhanced byeffective surface functionalization.Carbon nanotubes mediated drug deliveryIn general drug deliverysystem is designed to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic profile of adrug molecule. The large inner volume of CNTs allows encapsulation of both lowas well as high molecular weight drugs. It also permits encapsulation of bothhydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. More than one drug can also be loaded in CNTsin the case of multi-drug therapy. Ligands and diagnostic moieties can also beconjugated to surface of CNTs by functionalization to target the drugs tospecific site of action. The CNTs can act as controlled release system for drugby releasing the loaded drugs for a long period of time. In this way CNTs can beused multifunctionally for drug delivery and targeting.Cellular and nuclear targetingThe endeavor behind targeted drug delivery is to enhancethe efficiency and diminishing the noxious effects. The CNTs can be chemicallysurface modified such that ligands can be attached to their surface functionalgroups. These ligands which are specific to certain receptors can carry the CNTsdirectly to the specific site without affecting on non-target site. On the otherhand diagnostic moieties like fluoroisothiocyanate (FITC) can also be attachedto the CNTs for probing their way to the nucleus.Carbon nanotubes in peptide deliveryThe use CNTs in peptidedelivery has also been done by scientist. Application of CNT as a template forpresenting bioactive peptides to the immune system has been done. For thispurpose, by using a bifunctional linker epitope of virus and amine group of CNTcan be covalently link and immunization can be done. Subsequently theimmunogenic features of peptide–CNT conjugates can be assessed in vivo. In thisway CNTs can achieve high value in peptide delivery also7.Carbon nanotubes in tissue engineeringThe main objective oftissue engineering is to restore unhealthy or damaged tissue with biologicalternative which can reinstate and preserve regular tasks. The carbon nanotubescan be used for tissue engineering by visualizing and enhancing cellularperformance and by tracking and labeling of cells8.ConclusionIt can be concluded thatfunctionalization of CNTs will open new era in the potential of CNTs inbiomedical field. Some CNT are highly toxic, mostly due to their insolubility,which is of great concerned in using CNTs. This problem can also be overcome byfunctionalization. This offers the possibility of introducing more than onefunction on the same CNT molecule to target bioactives, imaging agents, drugsand ligand moieties at once. Further investigations must be done by thescientists in the field of CNTs to establish them for their biomedicalapplications.
III - 1 Semester End Exam Previous papers.
December 2006 - 2009November 2007-2008February 2008May 2009November 2009
B.Pharmacy 2010 External Papers
JNTU HYDERABAD III.B.PHARMACY II SEMESTER REGULAR EXAMINATIONS MAY 2010 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE1. What are Ethics and code of Ethics? Describe the role of Pharmacist in relation to his Job, Profession and Trade.2. Give an account on the construction, functions and powers Council of India and State Pharmacy Council.3. a) Explain the qualifications, duties and Procedures of inspection by Drug Inspectorb) Write the constitution of Drug Consultative Committee4. a) Define Narcotic and Psychotropic substance. Explain the powers of central government to permit, control and regulate Narcotic and Psychotropic substances as per the act.b) Write a note on Illicit traffic?5. Discuss in detail abouta) Manufacture of preparations outside the bondb) Warehousing of Alcoholic preparations6. Write a note ona) Drug Price Control Orderb) Factories Act 19487. a) Define License. Explain different types of licenses.b) Discuss the manufacturing of drugs specified in schedule C, C1 and X8. a) Discuss about prohibited advertisements and related offences andpenaltiesb) Write a note on Indian Patents Act 1970-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD III. B. PHARMACY II SEMESTER REGULAR EXAMINATIONS MAY 2010 PHARMACOLOGY-II1.a) Classify antihypertensives with suitable examples and discuss the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of vasodilators.b) Write a short note on plasma volume expanders.2. Classify drugs used in angina. Discuss the pharmacology of calcium channel blockers.3. What are arrhythmias? Discuss the pharmacology of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs.4. a) Discuss in detail about oral anticoagulants.b) Write in detail about Iron.5. Classify diuretics. Write the detailed pharmacology of Frusemide.6. a) Classify antihistaminics with suitable examples. Discuss their therapeutic uses and adverse effects.b) Write a short note on 5HT receptors, their agonists and antagonists.7. a) Write in detail about physiological role of Angiotensin and add a note on angiotensin antagonists.b) Discuss the synthesis, metabolism and physiological role of Bradykinin.8. a) Classify antiasthmatic agents with suitable examples. Discuss the pharmacology of bronchodilators.b) Write a short note on antitussives.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD III. B. PHARMACY II SEMESTER REGULAR EXAMINATIONS MAY 2010 CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL DRUGS1.(a) How will you differentiate the following by hydrolysis, explain withchemical reaction and structure.i) Atropineii) Hyoscyamineiii) Hyosine(b) Differentiate tropine and pseudotropine.2. Classify ergot alkaloids and give structures, hydrolytic products and therapeutic uses of any four ergot alkaloids?3. Explain the following.a. Isoprene ruleb.Gem-dialkyl rulec.Ozonolysis of terpenesd.Stereochemistry of citral4. Convert the followinga. Cavone to cavacrolb. Menthol to thymolc. Borneol to camphord. Camphor to borneol5. Write on the followinga. Numbering of Bile acids, cholesterol, estrone, diels hydrocarbonb. Synthesis of progesterone from diosgenin and cholesterol6. Write detailed note on cardiac glycosides and mention MOA, toxicity andthearapeutic uses?7. Classify steroidal hormones and give brief note on the followinga. Contraceptive agentsb. Inter-conversion of estrogens8. Write an account ona) Insulin b) Cortisone c) Glucagon d) Thyroxine-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD IV B. Pharmacy I Semester Regular Examinations, January 2010 PHARMACOLOGY-Ill1. Discuss in detail about the pharmacology of Proton pump inhibitors.2. What are Penicillins? Write the mechanism of action, general toxicities andtherapeutic uses of Penicillins.3. Write the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses and toxicities ofChioramphenicol.4. Define Antitubercular drugs. Explain in detail about any two second lineantitubercular drugs.5.a) What are antiviral drugs ? Classify themb) Write the mechanism of action, adverse effects, therapeutic uses andpharmacokinetics of Acyclovir6. Explain in detail about the antimetabolites used to treat cancer.7. Explain the symptoms, mechanism and treatment of:a) Barbiturate poisoningb) Atropine poisoning.8. Explain in detail about the different bioassay methods.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD I.Year B. Pharmacy Regular Examinations May/June 2010 ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION SKILLS1. How does R.K. Laxman try to expose the middle class mentality in the story The Gold Frame?2. How does Richard Selzer in his essay Save Your Liver elucidate the importance of saving the liver from diseases?3. “Water plays the leading role in the drama of our life on the surface of our planet”- Explain4. (a) How did Kalpana struggle to get selection as a member of NASA?(b) Describe her first voyage aboard the Columbia Shuttle.5. “When one loves one’s Art no service seems too hard”- Bring out the implications with reference to the story A Service of Love.6. (a) What is the significance of the World Press Freedom Day observed on 3rd May?(b) Why was this day chosen as the World Press Freedom day?7. A textile company is thinking of extending its operations in Chennai. You have been asked to prepare a report on the suitability of Chennai for this. Prepare a report on the economic and social suitability of the city.8. (a) Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms.i)If he had invited me, I (attend) the function.ii) She met with an accident while she (cross) the road.iii) Don’t disturb me. I (do) my homework.iv) She (suffer) from fever for a week.(b) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word from the bracketsi)Go up the (stairs/stares) and her office is on the right.ii) The (fir/fur) trees on the upper slope of the mountain were covered in snow.iii) Coffee (beans/beens) are the seeds of the coffee tree.iv) They pulled out of the deal at the last minute leaving us (hi/high) and dry.(c) Supply one word substitute for each of the following.i)The study of birds.ii) A number of stars grouped together.iii) That which cannot be read.iv) The house of an Eskimo(d) Correct the following sentences.i)Not only the soldiers but also their captain have been captured.ii) The house is belonging to her.iii) She looks forward to help me.iv) I shall call on you when the doctor will be ready.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD I.Year B. Pharmacy Regular Examinations May/June 2010 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION1. Describe the anatomy of Elementary tissues of the human body?2. Classify the joints? Describe the types of movements at joints?3. Explain the blood groups and their significance?4. Describe the lymphatic system of man?5. What is Cardiac cycle? Explain the mechanism?6. Define disease? Explain disease causing agents and prevention of disease?7. What is shock? Describe the methods to prevent it?8. Explain the causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention of the following diseases?a) Influenzab) Tuberculosis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD I.Year B. Pharmacy Regular Examinations May/June 2010PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I1. a) Explain tetrahedral and trigonal hybridization.b) Explain the following termsi) Bond lengthii) Bond angle.iii) Dipole movement.iv) Hydrogen bonding.2. a) Define isomerism and list different types of isomerism with examples.b) Explain the stabilities of cycloalkanes using bayers strain theory .i) 2, 2, 4- trimethyl pentaneii) Ethyl ethanoate3. a) Explain Friedel-Crafts alkylation and Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of benzene.b) Explain the electrophilic substitution reactions of naphthalene.4. Define nucleophilic substitution reaction and explain reaction mechanism of SN1 and SN2reaction.5 a) Describe Zeisel method and give its significance.b) Define rearrangement reaction and explain Fries rearrangement reaction.6. a) Give an comprehensive account on oxidative reactions of carbonyl compounds.b) Explain the following reaction with its mechanismi) Clemmensen reductionii) Wolff- kishner reduction.7. a) Explain Hell- Volhard- Zelinsky reaction.b) Explain about Hofmann’s degradation of amides.8. a) Explain about Hinsberg method of amine separation.b) Explain the following reactionsi) Sandmeyer reactionii) Gattermann reactioniii) Gabriel’s phthalamide synthesis.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD I.Year B. Pharmacy Regular Examinations May/June 2010 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY1. a) Discuss the significance of quality control test in pharmaceutical industry.b) Explain the importance of Loss on ignition with suitable examples.2. a) Give a note on haemodialysis fluids.b) Write the preparation, assay principle and uses ofi) Dibasic calcium phosphate.ii) Calcium gluconate.3 a) Explain the preparation , assay principal and uses of Calcium carbonate and Sodium acidPhosphate.b) Define and enlist adsorbants?4. a) Define and enlist Haematinics.b) Give the method of preparation, assay principal and therapeutic uses of Ferric ammoniumcitrate.c) Explain how iodine extracted from kelp?5. a) Define and classify inorganic expectorants.b) Explain the principle and procedure involved in the assay of ammonium chloride and Coppersulphate.6. a) Explain the preparation and uses of the followingi) Yellow mercuric oxide.ii) Zinc oxide.iii) Boric acid.iv) Bismuth subcarbonate.b) Write about the anti-infective role of iodine preparations.7. a) Explain the pharmaceutical importance of dental products.b) Give a note on Mouth washes.c) Write the preparation, properties and pharmaceutical uses ofi) Sodium fluoride.ii) Sodium meta phosphate.8. a) Write a assay of plaster of paris and barium sulphate--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD I.Year B. Pharmacy Regular Examinations May/June 2010 DISPENSING AND HOSPITAL PHARMACY1. a) Write about the role of pharmacist in community health care and educationb)Define an isotonic solution . Write about the importance of isotonicity in pharmacy2. What is incompatibility? Write a note on physical incompatibility with examples.3. Write a note on the following:a) Idiosyncratic casesb) Role of pharmacy and therapeutic committee in drug safety and adverse drug reactions4. a) Write about distribution of drugs to out-patientsb) Distinguish between lotions and liniments5. Define posology. Write about the various factors which influence dose of the drug6. a) Define prescription. Write about different parts of prescription.b) Define an emulsion. Write about various methods of preparation of emulsions.7. Write a short note on the following:a) Patient counseling.b) Soft liquid extracts.c) Responsibilities of hospital pharmacist.8. a) Write about the functions of drug information centre.b) Define an ointment. Discuss about trituration method used for preparation of ointments.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD,II -II REGULAR EXAMINATION, MAY 2010 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECODE NO:R73051.What is environment ? Give a detailed account of the structure of earth.Describe the potential grey areas where research can be carried on ?2.What do mean by biomass energy ? What are its uses ? Discuss limitations in producing this enregy.3.Write short note on the followinga.Ex-situ conservationb.In-situ conservationc.Biodiversity loss4.'All aspects of production in ecosystems are a subject matter of productivity in ecosystems'.Discuss.5.Discuss some of the programmes which have been launched for scientific management and careful use of fragile ecosystems.6.Explain nuclear hazards and its effects.7.Define consumerism.what measures would you suggest in order to eliminate waste product and save natural resources.8.Highlight something on the wild life protection Act.Give reasons for the enactment of such act.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD,II-II REGULAR EXAMINATION,MAY 2010 PHARMACEUTICAL UNIT OPERATIONS-II CODE NO:R73011.a )Explain Fourier's law of conduction of heat through a metal wall.b) Write about compound resistance in series.2. Explain:a)Theory of Evaporationb)Material balances in evaporation.c)Energy balance in evaporation.3.a)Classify distillation methods.b)Write about simple distillation method and construction and working of simple distillation,apparatus.4.a)A rotary dryer was used to dry 35,000 kg/hr of a wet drug containing 5% w/w of water to a water content of 0.2% w/w. Calculate the weight of water removed during the drying operation per hour.b)A batch dryer removes water from a solid materialat the rate of 30 lb/hr during constant Rate period.Under the operating conditions the critical moisture content is 0.5lb of water/lb of dry solid and the equilibrium moisture content is 0.04lb of water/lb of dry solid.The curve of drying air vs moisture content may be assumed as a straight line during the entire falling rate period if 300lb of dry solid containing 200lb of water enters the dryer.How long will be the total drying time period if the final product contains 0.08lb of water/lb of dry solid?5.a)Describe the milling equipment with the help of neat labeled diagram that uses the principle of shear & impact.b)Explain the theories related to the size reduction of powder.6.a) How can we estimate the degree of mixing.Explain.b) Give the stastistical evaluation procedure for mixin g of powders.7.a)What are different motions of particles during size separation.Explain them in detail.b)Explain brushing method.8.Write notes on the following:a)Thermocoupleb)Resistance thermometersc)Filled-in-thermometersd)Bimetal thermometers.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD,II-II REGULAR EXAMINATION,MAY 2010 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-ICODE NO:R73021.what are the various recommendations of a "Pharmaceutical analyst" on "rejecting an observation" for analytical results.2.Explain the followinga) Precipitation reactions governing "Argentometric methods"b)Various cardinal parameters required for a feasible argentometric analysis.3.How does 'Residual titration method'help in the Complexometric titrations ? Elaborate the assay of following drugsa)Potassium alum.b)Bismuth sub carbonatec)Aluminium glycinated) Dried Aluminium hydroxide.4.Give the principle,construction and working of a polarography apparatus?5.a)Give the various applications of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.b)Write about different types of source and manochromators in Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.6.a) Explain instrumentation in Nephelometry and Turbidometry.b)What are Turbidometric titrations?Explain.7.Describe the principle ,construction and working of polarimeter.8.Give an account ofa)Comparision of GC and HPLC.b)Derivatisation techniques in GC and HPLC.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JNTU HYDERABAD,II-II REGULAR EXAMINATION,MAY 2010 PHARMACOGNOSY-I CODE NO:R73031.Define pharmacognosy.Write in brief history and relationship with various allied sciences.2.Enumerate the drug discovery based on a plant sources by giving suitable examples.3.Deefine the following terms in therapeutic classification with examples:a)Alkaloidsb)Glycosides.c)Tanninsd)Resins.4.Write a note on the following:a)Asexual method of cultivationb)Soil Fertility.5.Explain the role of Cytolinins and Gibberelins in the production of secondary metabolites.6.Describe the detailrd pharmacognostic study of Honey.7.Define Lip ids. Classify them with suitable examples.Write the Biological source,chemical constituents and uses ofa) Bees waxb) Lard.8.Write the Biological source,chemical constituents and uses ofa)Tulsi.b)Menthac)Corianderd)Lemon grass oil.
[Year Wise] [Collection]B.Pharmacy Previous Question Papers
I yearII-1 SemesterII-2 Semester>> posted by this monthIII-1 SemesterIII-2 Semester>> Posted by this month endingIV-1 Semester
IV-1 Semester Previous Question Papers [Extracted Text]
This file contains the Papers of1. November 2009 Regular2. May 2009 Supplementary3. November 2008 Regular4. And some random papers.Please note that this is an extracted text from scanned papers. And may contain some minor spelling mistakes. Please excuse me for that.Download link here:Online View here:
I year Previous Papers [High Definition PDF files]
Sept 2006June 2007Feb 2008June 2008Aug 2008June 2009December 2009 - SupplementaryJan 2010
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